Critical Lens Essay - Writing a High-Quality Critical Essay

Critical Lens Essay - Writing a High-Quality Critical EssayAre you writing a critical lens essay for the class? If not, then you may want to get started on the very first paragraph in your essay and give some insight about the school. Also you can mention why it is important to take a lens class.Remember that most of the essays that you are submitting will be graded. So make sure that you give them a detailed explanation of why the essay is worth the grade. Give your personal insight about what you are trying to accomplish with the topic and what school you plan to attend. The student should not just list all the benefits of being at the college, but he should also give a general description of what the college is all about.This will help the student demonstrate his hard work and dedication. The teacher will see how much effort is put into the work, especially if it is a critical lens essay.It is not hard to write a thesis statement on a tough subject. It is just that sometimes the s tudent gets sidetracked and tries to include many things that are not relevant to the thesis statement. The teacher will be able to tell from this that there is a lot of information that the student did not put into the thesis statement and you should try to see if you can clean up the information you do include.The main point is to write an essay that will appeal to the reviewer. The reviewer will be able to see how well you have researched and how well you organized the information you gave. He will be able to determine whether or not you have a good understanding of the topic and if you have an opinion. You should avoid writing something that will look like a thesis statement.He will need to know how you would answer the reviewer's questions, not just the subject matter of the assignment. As long as you donot neglect the primary point of the assignment, you will be able to get through a difficult period of time when you will have to write your essay.The best way to write a critic al lens essay is to get your thesis statement down without straying from the main point. Remember that a thesis statement will be a summary of your ideas, and you should not leave anything out. It will also keep you from worrying about the big picture and getting lost in the details.

History of Spain - Overview

Adam Smith And Karl Marx Foundations Of American Expo

Joshua Bremer Foundations of American Expo. Prof. Stern May 3, 2015 Adam Smith and Karl Marx Modern political economic theory and philosophy can be greatly attributed to the works of two men who seemingly held polar opposite views on the subject. Adam Smith, a Scottish philosopher, published his most well-known work An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations in 1776 and is most often associated with the ideas and principles of the political economic system known as Capitalism. At the other end of the spectrum is Karl Marx; the German philosopher most often associated with Communism and the author (or co-author) of The Communist Manifesto. This paper seeks to discuss the core differences in their respective political economic philosophies with regards to what economic value is and what the role of government should be in their versions of political economy. This will conclude with the argument that while Smith s work had laid the foundation for modern economic philosophy, it was Marx who would ultimately leave the most significant impression upon the world with his revolutionary ideas. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations is considered to be the first full treatment on the study of Economics. This work essentially lays the foundation for the economic system known as Capitalism. Interestingly enough, Capitalism was a term first brought into the public debate, somewhat pejoratively, by Karl Marx himself in describing a capitalist

Curriculum, Quality and Professionalism - 2696 Words

Curriculum, Quality and Professionalism Introduction In this report I will explain the purpose and design of the curriculum proposal. I will then review the feedback obtained from the validating panel and the changes made. Professional values will also be explained and the importance they have in the lifelong learning sector. In addition, I will explain how the course will be evaluated providing a summary of how records are currently being used. Finally, I will create an action plan highlighting development needs to the course design. Curriculum Design- Independent Living Skills The course was designed for students in the second year of college and is set over a period of 15 weeks with 2 hour sessions. The aim of this course is to provide students with the necessary life skills needed for life after college. This course also provides students with the skills and abilities to live independently. As many first year students at university drop out due to academic and sometimes financial issues, this course helps to tackle some of these problems. The course discusses how to find a place to live at university, remain safe, keep personal items safe and how to interact and make friends at university which leads to the summative assessment of a come dine with me theme. In addition the course covers health and fitness, the importance of a healthy diet and this will also assist in stress management. This course also focuses on budgeting and managing finances allowing students toShow MoreRelatedThe Principles Of Professionalism And Professionalism1593 Words   |  7 Pagesthe principles of professionalism will be discussed including its importance to education as a whole, and as a practitioner. The following will be discussed; assessing the different understandings of professionalism, demonstrating factors such as self-awareness, personal qualities and skills. 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In Zimbabwe, in order to improve quality teachers undergo training at teachers’ college, technical colleges or universities. In 1998, more than 88 % of teachers held atRead MoreThe Personal Plan Of Action936 Words   |  4 Pagesemploy quality teachers, are organized, has great communication skills, and has a sense of professionalism. Many of these qualities are traits that I feel I have and are continually being strengthened by the knowledge I acquire through my graduate courses and the role as FCIM facilitator. I hope that through hard work and diligence I will receive an assistant principal appointment in the next two years, and ultimately a principalship in the next five years. 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Problems Faced by Sociology as a Science and How They Can...

THE UNIVERSTY OF ZAMBIA SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES. SOCIOLOGY NAME : EMMANUEL WINA MUSHALA COMPTER NUMBER : 11067080 COURSE CODE : S 111 LECTURER : MR. MATAA MWIYA TUTORIAL : MONDAY 14 – 13 HOURS. DUE DATE : FRIDAY 16TH SEPTEMBER, 2011. ASSIGNMENT : ONE QUESTION : WITH EXAMPLES, CRITICALLY DISCUSS THE PROBLEMS FACED BY SOCIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE AND INDICATE HOW SUCH PROBLEMS CAN BE REDUCED OR ALLEVIATED. This essay is aimed at critically discussing the problems faced by sociology as a science and indicating how such problems can be reduced or alleviated. In order to answer the question at hand, the definitions of sociology, science and alleviate will be†¦show more content†¦As a general rule, the higher the proportion of non-responses in the sample, the more likely it is that the survey of those who do take part will be biased. Even if every attempt is made to reduce bias in the survey, the observations that sociologists make in carrying out a piece of research are likely to reflect their own cultural assumptions. This is the observer bias and it can be difficult, or perhaps impossible to eliminate. (Ibid) Sociology as a science faces the problem of the inability to rearrange society completely scientific experimentation. In studying society, usually sociology study’s people at all levels but suspends attitudes and morals of people. (Young,1948) To find out whether a correlation between variables is a casual connection, sociologists use controls. This means some variables have to be held constant in order to look at the effects of others. An example would be in studying the relationship between maternal deprivation in infancy and serious personality problems in adulthood. This could be done by trying to control or ‘screen out’ other possible influences that might explain the correlation. This might prove difficult as the child’s guardian may object to this experiment being carried out on her child. Giddens (2006:84) According to Giddens, (2006), another problem in sociology is identifying causes as there are a large number of possible causes that could be invoked to explain any given correlation. An example is of how difficult it is toShow MoreRelatedOverview of Organizational Theories2072 Words   |  8 Pagesaffect nearly everyones life in one way or another. However, there are many different perspectives that can be used in understanding these organizations. Theorists have produced many different ideas about the best vantage point in which to try to understand how an organization functions. Furthermore, it is important for leaders in the organization to understand these theories so that they can tailor their own concepts and theories and the organizations in which they are members of. This translatesRead MoreThe Curriculum Policy Statement Of The Council On Social Work5929 Words   |  24 PagesProblem Statement, Background, and Research Interest The Curriculum Policy Statement of the Council on Social Work Education (CSWE, 2001), the accrediting body of all bachelor s and master s social work degree programs in the United States, requires all social work programs to teach students how to promote economic and social justice. The revised Code of Ethics (1996) of the National Association of Social Workers proclaims the pursuit of social justice one of the profession s core values andRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagescentury. 4. World politics—20th century. I. Adas, Michael, 1943– II. American Historical Association. D421.E77 2010 909.82—dc22 2009052961 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992 Printed in the United States of America 2 4 6 8 9 7 5 3 1 C ONTENTS Introduction Michael Adas 1 1 World Migration in the Long Twentieth Century †¢ Jose C. MoyaRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 Pages(QR) The Changan-Ford Joint Venture: Same Bed but Different Dreams? TNK-BP: from Russia Without Love – a Joint Venture That Almost Fell Apart International HIV / AIDS Alliance Doman Synthetic Fibres plc (B) Sony Corporation: Restructuring Continues, Problems Remain LEAX: Managing Through a Crisis Design and Development of Strategy Processes at RACC Consulting in MacFarlane Solutions NHS Direct: Managing in Difficult Times 235 254 257 264 270 276 281 285 289 295 299 307 311 317 322 326 329 335 340

Leadership Styles Organizational Commitment -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Leadership Styles Organizational Commitment? Answer: Introduction Leadership may be defined as an art of inspiring an individual or a group of people to act towards attaining common organizational objectives. This definition highlights two essential attributes of leadership, firstly, the ability to motivate others and secondly, being self-prepared to inspire other people. An effective leadership is entirely dependent upon ideas and implementation of such ideas through effective communication with others. Such communication should be conducted in a manner that ensures their involvement in the act as per the direction of the leader (DuBrin, 2015). Essential attributes of an effective leader Several theories have been developed to define the factors that influence the effectiveness of a leader. Confidence and Knowledge- these are characteristic traits that differs from one leader to another leader and is based on the trait theory (Northouse, 2018). Global leaders like Barack Obama, Mahatma Gandhi, Winston Churchill, and Adolf Hitler were great leaders but had distinct characteristics that were different from each other. For instance, Hitler was a charismatic leader who although was unable to develop intimate relationship with people, but with his charismatic nature drew attention of people inspiring their devotion to him. On the contrary, Mahatma Gandhi was not only a charismatic leader but also a social person who was capable of developing friendships with people and inspiring them to support non-violence under any circumstances. These two different traits of the two different great leaders had the capability of motivating people to attain their respective objectives. Task-oriented- Leaders should be task-oriented, as it would enable them to undertake authoritarian, democratic decisions. This characteristic is based on behavioral theory that states that an effective leader should have a liberal approach and are supportive, democratic in their decisions (Sethuraman Suresh, 2014). A leader possessing such trait always focuses on the goal and the systematic plan to accomplish the goal. For instance- his supporters have viewed Lennin, the Russian political leader as an effective leader who was not only a social person who always aspired for setting higher standards with ultimate efficiency. They require their subordinates to be efficient that provide clear instructions regarding the schedule or systematic plan to be followed to accomplish their objectives. Charismatic- this characteristic is based on the charismatic theory that includes empowerment, envisioning and empathy as its essential elements. The leaders use their charisma to inspire people to become their followers as they express their concern for the needs and desires of the people of their respective countries (DuBois et al., 2015). For instance- Bill Clinton and Winston Churchill are perceived as leaders that possessed the capability of developing friendly atmosphere for their followers by making them feel that they are participants in the decision-making process. They always gave significant importance to the needs of the people and ensured that their needs are fulfilled leading to their welfare. Outcome-oriented- this characteristic is based on the transactional leadership theory that is clearly outcome-oriented. The leader possessing this characteristic trait inspires their subordinates through rewards and punishments. The requirements to be fulfilled are to be encouraged with awards and failure to fulfill any such requirements will entitle the subordinates with punishments. This type of leadership quality is effective to deal with risky situations (Antonakis Day, 2017). For instance- Joseph McCarthy, the former state senator of Wisconsin is a glaring example of a leader that was known for his transactional form of leadership. He was popular for introducing a system of rewarding his followers who would succeed in capturing accused communist infiltrators and punishing the followers who failed to abide by his rule. This system if reward and punishment resulted in motivated outcomes amongst his followers. Inspiring- this trait is the most crucial characteristics that a leader should possess as inspiring the followers is a pre-requisite to accomplish the stated goals. This trait is based on the transformational leadership theory where the leader requests their followers to follow their morals and ideals in an inspiring manner to accomplish the common stated objectives (Daft, 2014). For example- Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was one of the great leaders who followed the transformational leadership theory to challenge the status quo of his followers and encouraging them to explore new ways using their morals and ideals to accomplish the goals. He is, undoubtedly, a glaring example of a transformational leader who was capable of articulating an unambiguous vision to his followers making them believe that they can freed themselves from any constraints that restrain them from leading a life to which they are equally entitled. Facilitator- a facilitator is a leader who ensures that the needs and desires of his followers are fulfilled before they fulfill their own needs. This trait is associated with the servant leadership concept where the leaders are more concerned about their followers than they are about themselves. These leaders serve their followers instead of behaving like a king. They believe in the concept of serving the needs of the followers instead of merely thrusting their ideas and ways or needs upon them. For example- Mahatma Gandhi who is known for his nature serve the needs of the people instead of identifying himself with the symbol of power that I usually used by other leaders to signify that they are above their followers. He had the leadership skills of voluntary subordination where he identified himself as a servant of the people who must serve them to fulfill their needs. My Strength Charismatic- this characteristic enables leaders to develop friendly relations with the followers to inspire them. Since I can become friends with any person very easily and have the knack for gaining knowledge from persons of different age, I believe I can use this trait of mine to inspire my co-workers and maintain a friendly work atmosphere at my workplace. A healthy and friendly workplace is a key to a successful organization. Task-oriented- I always aim at accomplishing my goals and in order to attain the objectives it is essential to develop a systematic plan. A systematic plan shall enable me to explain the roles and responsibilities that should be performed by the subordinates. Further, my ability to motivate my subordinates and other fellow workers would be an additional means to encourage the subordinates focus and accomplish the stated goals. Inspiring- I believe unity is strength and to achieve unity it is essential to understand the strength and weakness of the subordinates as well as the co-workers. This is because only, it would be possible to encourage the fellow workers and subordinates to follow their strengths which may include their ideals and morals and fortify their weaknesses so that they are able to overcome all the impediments that hinders their means to attain the stated goals. Inspiration and motivation are two fundamental characteristics that measure the effectiveness of a leader at any given point. My Deficiencies Lack of confidence- At times, I do not feel confident enough about the fact whether I would be able to exhibit my leadership skills into the right direction and at the right time. Despite my work experience as a team leader, I lack confidence about the fact whether I would be able to bring out the best outcome through proper directions. This is partly because while working as a team leader I often failed to explain to my team members the ways and manner in which we could achieve the desired outcome. The absence of this trait often overweighs my ability to explore new ideas and develop ways to execute such new ideas to achieve the desired outcome. Lack of Outcome-orientation- Although I am very focused about developing a systematic plan to make people accomplish the common objectives but I often fail to execute the means and ways through which such objectives could be achieved. In other words, as mentioned that outcome-oriented is a trait enables the leader to reward or punish the subordinates for achieving or failing to achieve the desired outcome respectively. However, I lack this ability as being a friendly person that I am; it would be difficult for me to punish any of my teammates or subordinates for failing to achieve the desired objective. This trait is useful to deal with any risky situation where it becomes essential to be more stringent to prevent the situation from getting worse or restore to the normal situation. Non-facilitator- Being a team leader formerly, I have grasped the attitude of accomplishing the stated objectives and to make a plan that states the manners and ways to achieve such objectives. My ultimate objective had been to meet the needs and target of the organization. Although I have a friendly attitude and believe in motivating my colleagues and subordinates, but I was more concerned about individual and organization needs than of the needs and desires of the teammates or subordinates who assisted in accomplishing the common organizational goals. I lack the ability to serve my subordinates and meet their needs as I have always recognized myself with the power symbol that places me in higher position from my subordinates. Influence of my Indian culture on my leadership skills The term culture refers to the customs, ideas and social behavior that is associated with any specific group of persons or community (Goleman, 2017). Being an Indian, referring to the Indian culture it can be said that India is one of the most ethnically and religiously diverse nations in the world and amongst the diverse culture, I belong to the Sikh culture that has its origin in the Punjab region of the country. As per the teachings of my culture, serving others selflessly and believing in equality of human beings are means to feel the presence of God. My culture has taught me to respect the dignity of every individual and lend had to the weak or your subordinates. My religion has taught me to follow the path of truth and be determined to overcome any hindrances with perseverance. These cultural attributes have not only influenced my attitude but has also fortified my leadership skills, showing direction to become a good and effective leader. Moreover, as I have grown up in a joint family, it taught me the significance of cooperation and unity from which has helped me acquire the task-oriented capability. Apart from the cultural teachings, my parents have always encouraged me to be honest and respectful to others in all my endeavors, which has made me acquire the ability to encourage my subordinates and build good relationship with them. Ideal leader: Barack Obama Barack Obama has been a true leader and was the 44th US President who achieved highest reputation globally. His most effective leadership abilities include perseverance, conviction, taking risks, art of communication, confidence, respect and fairness and lastly, his We-not-I Attitude. His campaign slogan for the presidential campaign in 2008 was change we can believe in as he believed that if the direction is right, one can influence other person and spread the message across. Comparative analysis of my potentials Amongst all my potentials, I have learnt to show respect my subordinates, my seniors and my co-workers which is a common trait possessed by Barack Obama. This is evident from the event when Obama supported the re-initiation of diplomatic actions with Iran by opposing the passing of the Bill, which would otherwise have recognized Iranian Revolutionary Guard as a terrorist group. This signifies that the former US President was respectful towards every organization irrespective of their relationships or history. Another significant strength that is in common between Obama and me is the We-not-I-Attitude according to which he addressed the people in his speeches as we instead of I as this attitude was a smart way to involve the people. The attitude to use we is comprehended as an unique way to signify that people are involved in the conversation and then making them believe that they have actually contributed affirmatively to a cause. When the leader says we accomplished the objective together, every person listening to such a statement feels to be a part of the proceedings even if they have not been engaged in the proceedings. This ability is essential for a leader to be an effective leader as it makes him capable of involving people, giving them the ownership of particular objective. Further, Obama has another leadership quality that is common with me which is perseverance. This is evident from a recent event where he supported several issues during the UN resolution on the Israel-Palestinian conflict where he stated that when we are sure about the path we are following we could influence others. In order to follow the right path, hindrances may appear but we have to be patient and move forward by overcoming such constraints with perseverance. He stood for the right issues which signifies that he was sure about his job and hence, was capable of conveying the people about his view and received their acceptance. Comparative analysis of my Deficiencies Some of the leadership skills possessed by Barack Obama are the areas where I lack potential. One such quality is confidence that is in abundance within the former US President. Though there are several instances, where he had exhibited his confidence but one such significant event where the country and its nationals witnessed confidence in their leader was in 2009 when the country faced two worst wars. Firstly, it was one of the worst economic disasters the country had faced and secondly, the multi-trillion dollar debt. He not only exhibited his confidence but said words that built confidence in the nationals as well. To quote his speech, he said Starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off and begin the work of remaking America. Another essential leadership quality that I lack, which is one of Obamas strengths, is his art of communication. Mr. Obama is an excellent speaker and that he knows exactly how to engage into an effective communication with any group, person or audience irrespective of their age, gender, race, background, etc, thus, he perfected the art of communication. He won the Marketer of the Year Award in 2008 by the Advertising Age for the campaign that was about the way to communicate with almost every person who was eligible to vote. He gained their confidence and conveyed his message across unambiguously. If I compare my weakness in the ability to undertake risks, it is yet another leadership skill possessed by Mr. Obama. In his book the Audacity of Hope, the former US President mentioned about the big risk he had undertaken by running for the Presidency when his well-wishers and friends asked him otherwise based on his failure in the primaries presidential race in 2004. Taking risk requires lot of courage and only those who have taken risk in their lives have achieved immense success in their life. Rationale for my Development Plan It is a universal nature of an individual to strengthen his inner deficiencies that restraints a person from achieving his desired goals. I am aware of my weaknesses that might act as hindrances in becoming an effective leader. Such abilities include lack of communication skills, lack of self-confidence, inability to undertake risk. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a plan that would assist me in improving my personality traits, enabling me to be an effective leader. Such a development plan would assist me to fortify my potentials and transform my deficiency into my strengths. Developmental Opportunities Several opportunities that would enable me to fortify my weaknesses and inhibit leadership traits are enumerated as below: Team building workshops- to develop team-building skills, attending team-building workshops prove to be effective as such, workshops shall enable to develop communication skills, greater cooperation and provide experiential techniques like conflict-handling sessions, inter-personal trust exercises etc. Self-regulation- this opportunity would not only assist me in strengthening my weaknesses but also build self-confidence in me to influence others. Regularity at work ensures that I communicate more, enhance my confidence level, thus improving my ability to undertake risks, and do not repeat my mistakes. Developmental strategies Keep learning- the best option to become an effective leader is to keep gaining knowledge about new things. This process not only sharpens the mind but also brushes up the existing leadership skills. It prepares the leader to facing new challenges while accomplishing the desired goals and objectives. Learn to follow- an effective leader must maintain a liberal approach and must not feel threatened when others disagree with the leader instead must appreciate the ideas and views of other if it is worth such appreciation. Inspire from successful leaders- another effective development strategy that would enable me to improve on my weaknesses is to walk in the footsteps of successful leaders and get inspired from them. Research studies and regular follow-up of successful leaders shall acts as proper guidance to improve the leadership skills. Taking risk- it is essential to undertake risks in life to achieve success. It might seem difficult initially but it does not imply that it cannot be done. As it is said failures are the pillars of success, taking risks would also strengthen my capability deal with any crisis with efficacy. Indicators of success Self assessment- this is the indicator of success for my first strategy where I can assess myself to what extent I have improved on my weaknesses and how effectively I am executing my leadership skills to accomplish the desired goals. Use of digital assessment tools- the use of video cameras within an organization for capturing my performance of the leaders and my behavioral conduct towards the subordinates or co-workers within an organization, whether I maintain a liberal approach or impose my ideas on others who do not agree with mine. This is the success indicator for my second strategy. Inclination- this is the indicator of success for my third strategy, which will measure how much I am inclined to becoming a successful leader. It shall also measure to what extent I am inhibiting the leadership traits possessed by the successful leaders. Feedback- To obtain feedbacks from superiors, subordinates as well as my co-workers regarding my performance as a leader is the success indicator for my fourth strategy. Their feedbacks would measure the effectiveness of my leadership skills within the organization. Resources for strategy implementation Technology- it is important to have access to advanced technology to obtain advanced and accurate information about improving my leadership skills; Capital- Capital is essential resource for making payments to the team-building workshops and obtaining books, journals, articles, other learning course materials. Conveyance- it is an important resource as its is mandatory to reach the workshops and attend conferences, public speeches conducted by the leaders, etc. Time- this is the most vital resource as it takes reasonable time to develop an effective plan to accomplish the desired goals. Timeframe for implementation Timeframe is essential to develop strategic plan for attaining desired goals; In order to develop such strategic plan, I would do research work to sharpen my skills for two weeks; I will take classes to improve on my weaknesses for three weeks; I will apply the theoretical knowledge to practical situations as and when required; Reference list Aktas, M., Gelfand, M. J., Hanges, P. J. (2016). Cultural tightnesslooseness and perceptions of effective leadership.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,47(2), 294-309. Anderson, M. H., Sun, P. Y. (2017). Reviewing leadership styles: Overlaps and the need for a new full?rangetheory.International Journal of Management Reviews,19(1), 76-96. Antonakis, J., Day, D. V. (Eds.). (2017).The nature of leadership. Sage publications. Arnold, K. A., Connelly, C. E., Walsh, M. M., Martin Ginis, K. A. (2015). Leadership styles, emotion regulation, and burnout.Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,20(4), 481. Baur, J. E., Ellen III, B. P., Buckley, M. R., Ferris, G. R., Allison, T. H., McKenny, A. F., Short, J. C. (2016). More than one way to articulate a vision: A configurations approach to leader charismatic rhetoric and influence.The Leadership Quarterly,27(1), 156-171. Boin, A., Stern, E., Sundelius, B. (2016).The politics of crisis management: Public leadership under pressure. Cambridge University Press. Cloutier, O., Felusiak, L., Hill, C., Pemberton-Jones, E. J. (2015). The importance of developing strategies for employee retention.Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics,12(2), 119. Daft, R. L. (2014).The leadership experience. Cengage Learning. Demirtas, O., Akdogan, A. A. (2015). The effect of ethical leadership behavior on ethical climate, turnover intention, and affective commitment.Journal of Business Ethics,130(1), 59-67. DuBois, M., Hanlon, J., Koch, J., Nyatuga, B., Kerr, N. (2015). Leadership styles of effective project managers: Techniques and traits to lead high performance teams.Journal of Economic Development, Management, IT, Finance, and Marketing,7(1), 30. DuBrin, A. J. (2015).Leadership: Research findings, practice, and skills. Nelson Education. Goleman, D. (2017).Leadership That Gets Results (Harvard Business Review Classics). Harvard Business Press. Jacquart, P., Antonakis, J. (2015). When does charisma matter for top-level leaders? Effect of attributional ambiguity.Academy of Management Journal,58(4), 1051-1074. Nanjundeswaraswamy, T. S., Swamy, D. R. (2014). Leadership styles.Advances in management,7(2), 57. Northouse, P. G. (2018).Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. PARA-GONZLEZ, L. O. R. E. N. A., Jimenez-Jimenez, D., MARTNEZ-LORENTE, . R. (2018). Exploring the mediating effects between transformational leadership and organizational performance.Employee Relations: The International Journal, (just-accepted), 00-00. Sethuraman, K., Suresh, J. (2014). Effective leadership styles.International Business Research,7(9), 165. Yahaya, R., Ebrahim, F. (2016). Leadership styles and organizational commitment: literature review.Journal of Management Development,35(2), 190-216.

Involuntary Manslaughter Everything You Want To Know

Question: What isInvoluntary manslaughter? Explain. Answer: Involuntary manslaughter means any kind or form of killing in which mens rea for murder is not present. This means that death is caused by an act of gross criminal negligence Manslaughter leading to an unlawful act is also known as constructive manslaughterThis essay describes the essential elements of involuntary manslaughter along with the types of involuntary manslaughter and a case study to illustrate them. Additionally, this essay also describes the applicability of gross negligence manslaughter to the case study that is provided and the potential criminal liability of each of the party involved in the case of Kitty. In order to constitute a crime of involuntary manslaughter the following two elements should be present: An unlawful act that is committed by the defendant that leads to death of some other person. The unlawful act should involve a danger that someone else would be harmed. A majority of the cases that is involved in the area involuntary manslaughter is related to assisting people who take drugs. However, there have been many cases in which the Courts have not held the dealer liable for deaths that have been caused by drugs. In the case of R. v Dalby, the Court did not hold the dealer liable as they held that dealer does not owe duty of care towards the customers who buy drugs from them. One important factor that is to be considered here is the link or causation that is between the act and the death of the person. In the case of R v. Kennedy, the injured party asked the defendant to give him something so that he is able to sleep. The defendant injected him with heroin and due to overdose of heroin, the victim died. The defendant in this case was held liable for manslaughter. In the case of R v. Rogers, the defendant held a tourniquet around the victims arm so that the victim could inject themselves of drugs. The Court held the defendant liable for mansl aughter, as he was involved in the injection process. Additionally, it is also important to determine the risk involved in involuntary manslaughter. This means that if a reasonable person who is watching the act will be able to identify the risk that is involved. The harm that is related to the unlawful act of the defendant should be linked with each other. The harm caused should be physical in nature. There are three types of involuntary manslaughter: Gross negligence manslaughter Reckless manslaughter Unlawful act manslaughter Gross negligence manslaughter: In this kind of involuntary manslaughter, the defendant is apparently acting legally. This type of manslaughter arises in cases where the defendant has caused death; however, he did not intend to cause the death of the victim. Hence, we may conclude that in this type of manslaughter, there is absence of mens rea. To prove gross negligence, it is important that an unlawful act was committed. Gross negligence is applicable in cases where the defendant has acted lawfully however; his action in some way or the other became criminal in nature. The following elements should be present in order to make a person liable for gross negligence manslaughter: Existence of a duty of care Violation of duty of care Breach of duty of care leads to death of the person Jury decides the criminality of the negligence In the case of R.v. Adomoko, appellant was an anaesthetist who was unsuccessful in identifying that the tube was disconnected from the ventilator of the patient. Resultantly, the patient underwent a cardiac arrest and died. The appellant was convicted for manslaughter and the Court stated that in cases of gross negligence manslaughter, ordinary principles of negligence shall be applied to notice if there has been breach of duty of care or not. In gross negligence manslaughter the duty of act includes, statutory, contractual and common law duty. In the case of, R v. Bateman, the doctor was held liable for manslaughter, as he was negligent with his treatment of women in childbirth. The doctor owed duty of care towards his patient, which he failed to exercise. Likewise, in the case of R v. Misra and Srivastava, the Court held that to constitute an offence of gross negligence, where the risk of life is associated, and the defendant owes duty of care and contravention of the duty of care has taken place. Reckless Manslaughter: In this type of manslaughter, the defendant is generally conscious of the degree of risk that is likely to cause injury to the injured party and still chooses to disregard it or remains unresponsive to it. In the case R v. Lidar, the defendant was driving the car while he was in a conversation with the victim. The rear wheel of the car crushed the head of the defendant. The defendant was held liable for reckless manslaughter. The reason behind this is that the defendant was aware of the seriousness of the harm that was related to his action. Unlawful Act: This type of manslaughter means that the unlawful act of the defendant has causes death of the plaintiff. The unlawful act of the defendant should be dangerous and there should be a causal link between the action of the defendant and the death of the plaintiff. Such an act is termed as unlawful act. In the case of DPP v. Newbury and Jones, the House of Lords held that the plaintiff should prove that the defendant had the objective to act unlawfully however; there is no prerequisite for the defendant to foresee that the act has the likelihood of causing death. In the given case, Gary was dealer in heroin, who supplied Jenny and Kitty with heroin. Kitty was only sixteen years old. Garry equipped the syringe of heroin for Jenny and Kitty. Jenny injected herself with the heroin and also injected Kitty. Jenny and Kitty went to their mothers house, Sandra. Subsequently, Kitty started showing symptoms of heroin overdose and she needed immediate assistance. Jenny and Sandra ignored her symptoms, as they were worried that the police would be involved in this case. Resultantly, Kitty dies due to drug overdose. Based on the facts, the issue that arises here is that, what is the possible criminal liability of Jenny, Sandra and Gary. Gary, Jenny and Sandra may be held liable for gross negligence manslaughter for Kittys death. The liability of each one of them is discussed as follows: Potential Criminal Liability of Gary: Gary was the heroin dealer and he was the one who provided Jenny and Kitty with heroin. He was aware of the fact that Kitty is a minor and that she should not be provided with the drug. However, Gary ignored the factor of considering her age and despite of that he prepared syringes for them, which the children injected into themselves in his presence. In the case of R v. Khan and Khan, the issue in question was about two appellants who supplied heroin to a child who was 15 years old in their house. The appellants left her in the flat and due to overdose of heroin; she went into coma and died. The plaintiff filed a suit against the appellants for gross negligence. The appeal was allowed because the trial Judge failed to direct the Jury on questions relating to law and that the facts of the case were sufficient to give rise to duty of care on the part of the dealer. It was further held that, where a matter comes before Jury for gross negligence the Jury should consider the following po ints: Whether the defendant had a duty of care towards the plaintiff Whether the defendant contravened the duty of care Did the breach lead to loss of life of the plaintiff? Did the breach lead to a criminal act thus amounting to gross negligence? For determining the liability of Gary, we first need to evaluate whether he owed duty of care towards Kitty or not. Ideally, dealers are not held liable for the death of people who die due to drugs overdose. However, since the decision of R v. Khan and Khan, where the mistake of Jury was identified, dealers are also held responsible for owing duty of care towards their customers. In this case, Kitty was a minor that is below the age of 18 years. Gary should have exercised his duty of care and should have refused providing heroin to a minor. However, he did not do so. Consequently, we may conclude that Gary breached his duty of care towards Kitty that ultimately led to her death. Thus, there was a causal link between the breach of duty of care and the result due to the breach of duty. Additionally, the breach of duty of care on the part of Gary made him commit a criminal act amounting to gross negligence. Thus, we may conclude on the part of Gary that he may be liable for gross neglig ence. Potential Criminal Liability of Jenny: Jenny was Kittys sister and she was elder to Kitty. Kitty was only 16 years old while Jenny was 19 years old. Jenny injected Kitty with the syringe while Kitty was shaking and was unable to take to inject herself. This is the first breach of duty of care on the part of Jenny. After they took the injection, they went to their mothers house where Kitty was showing signs of heroin overdose. However, Jenny ignored the symptoms of heroin overdose in fear of police getting involved in this case. This was the second breach of duty on the part of Jenny. In the case of, Rv. Evans, the appellant was convicted of gross negligence manslaughter along with her mother for the death of a 17 years old girl named Carly. Carly died of drug overdose. The appellant was about eight years elder to Carly. The appellant bought heroin from a drug dealer and gave the drug to Carly. Carly injected the drug, however, soon after sometime she was showing signs of drug overdose, which the appellant from her own ex perience was able to understand. Both the appellant and her mother thought of not seeking medical help in fear of getting into trouble. Resultantly, Carly died. The Judge held that the duty of care on the part of the appellant arose not from her action of assisting Carly but from providing her with heroin. The appellant created a situation so dangerous in nature and additionally failed to take action to decrease the risk of calling assistance, which could have ideally saved her. The Judge made the appellant liable for not having a familial relationship with her but for breaching her basic duty of care. Had there been any other person in place of her sister, she would still be made liable for breach of duty of care, as the basic level of care is expected out of every individual. Similarly, in the given case study as well, Jenny can be held liable for gross negligence manslaughter as she failed to exercise her duty of care towards Kitty by supplying her with heroin and secondly by not providing her appropriate medical assistance at the time when she urgently needed it. Hence, Jenny committed two breaches of duty of care, which can make her liable for gross negligence manslaughter. Hence, to make a person liable for gross negligence it is not only confined to cases to familial relationship between the plaintiff and the deceased. Nevertheless, creation of a state of issues in which the defendant should have utilised his basic duty of care however, he failed to use the duty leading to creation of circumstances that is life threatening also leads to breach of duty of care. Additionally, breach of duty of care is also committed where it is expected out of a reasonable man to take steps for prevention of a situation that may lead to death of the person. If the person fails to use this duty, he may be held liable for breach of duty. Thus, Jenny is liable for gross negligence manslaughter. Potential Criminal Liability of Sandra: Sandra was Kittys mother and after injecting themselves with syringe, they went to her house. It was at Sandras house that Kitty started showing signs of heroin overdose. Both Jenny and Sandra ignored her medical condition in fear of police case because of which Kitty died. In this case, though Sandra was not involved in providing Kitty with heroin, however, she may still be liable for gross negligence manslaughter as she ignored her child when she was in need of medical assistance. In the case of R v. Gibbins and Proctor, parents were liable due to their wretched behaviour towards their child for starving them to death. Both the husband and the wife failed to understand the consequences of starvation because of which the child died. The husband was the biological and the legal father of the child and the mother was the common law wife to feed the child. While it was the responsibility of the father to take care of his child, the mans common law wife was also held liable as she recei ved money for food from her husband. The relationship that exists between the mother and the child can give rise to a very special relationship. In a relationship that exists between mother and the child, one does not necessarily need to direct the mother about her duties towards her child. In this case, Sandra failed to exercise her duty of care towards her child. Jennys apprehension can be understood, as she was afraid of getting the police involved in this matter, however, Sandras apprehension was not making sense as she was not even part of providing drugs to Kitty. As a parent, she should have utilised her duty of care obediently by providing medical assistance to Kitty the moment she was showing symptoms of drug overdose. She should have saved the life of her daughter instead of acting wretched. Hence, Sandra can also be held liable for gross negligence manslaughter as she breached her duty of care towards her daughter. Conclusively, it may be stated that gross negligence manslaughter is one of the most common criminal acts in the United Kingdom in relation to consumption of drugs and drugs overdose. It has been noted that young people die an early death because of drug overdose and people who are convicted of gross negligence manslaughter are often parents, siblings or relatives of such people. The high level of intoxication restricts them from applying their basic duty of care and this consequently creates a problem for them in the form of conviction of gross negligence manslaughter. There is a need for creation of strict laws in the United Kingdom regarding consumption of drugs amongst young people and this will lessen conviction of gross negligence manslaughter. 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